# Established identity in citizenship cases: requirements and exceptions

Established identity is one of seven requirements for Norwegian citizenship. Here are the main rule on passports, the exceptions in the regulations, and where you can get free legal help.

Canonical: https://samfunnprep.no/en/articles/klarlagt-identitet-statsborgerskap
Language: en
Publisher: SamfunnPrep
Author: Hlib Suslov
Published: 2026-08-07T15:30:35.548+00:00
Modified: 2026-10-07T22:41:07.295043+00:00
AI use policy: https://samfunnprep.no/ai-policy.txt

## Key takeaways

- Two evidentiary standards: qualified and ordinary The main rule in the Citizenship Regulations § 1-1 requires qualified probability, while the exceptions in § 1-2 only require ordinary preponderance of the evidence, meaning more than 50 per cent.
- Single-journey foreign passport without established identity A single-journey foreign passport can be issued even if identity has not been proven, allowing you to obtain a passport from your home country's embassy. With limited permission under the Immigration Act § 38, it can be issued for up to three journeys.
- Free legal assistance from notice of proposed revocation A standard refusal does not provide a free lawyer, but the Citizenship Act § 27 seventh paragraph provides free legal assistance without a means test from when UDI sends notice of proposed revocation.

Established identity is one of seven requirements for Norwegian citizenship. The main rule is an original passport with sufficient notoriety, but the Citizenship Regulations have several exceptions with lower evidentiary standards.

## What does established identity mean in a citizenship case?

The requirement is found in **the Citizenship Act § 7 first paragraph letter a**: the applicant must have "established their identity". All seven conditions must be met on **the date the decision is made**, not the day you applied.

The details are in **the Citizenship Regulations chapter 1 (§§ 1-1 to 1-3)**. See also [all requirements for Norwegian citizenship](https://samfunnprep.no/en/articles/norsk-statsborgerskap-krav).

You have a duty to provide information (Citizenship Act § 29), but the Immigration Act § 83 sets a limit: you cannot be required to clarify identity "in a way that conflicts with a need for protection".

## Notoriety: why a genuine passport can be rejected

Notoriety concerns how reliable a document is. UDI (Directorate of Immigration) defines it as a document being "issued on the basis of reliable and verifiable procedures and verifiable information".

UDI considers among other things:

- the procedures for issuing the document
- requirements for personal attendance
- reliable birth and population registers
- biometrics and supporting documents
- risk of corruption

UDI decides on notoriety, UNE (Immigration Appeals Board) in appeals. They rely on country notes from Landinfo, the ID database at the National ID Centre and verification through Norwegian embassies abroad. In a practice description from April 2025, UNE refers to individual cases where presented documents could not remove doubt about identity – including because "documents from Eritrea are unreliable", due to "the low notoriety of Afghan ID documents", and because "Somali passports cannot support the applicant's identity when doubt about it has been raised".

A passport with low notoriety must still be submitted: UDI requires a passport "as the clear main rule" when the applicant can obtain one.

## Main rule and exceptions: two evidentiary standards in the Citizenship Regulations

Under § 1-1, **qualified probability** applies — according to UDI "somewhere between ordinary preponderance of the evidence and what is considered certain". Under § 1-2, **ordinary preponderance of the evidence** applies, meaning "more than 50 per cent probability that the stated identity is correct".

| Provision | Who it applies to | Evidentiary standard |
| --- | --- | --- |
| § 1-1 | You can obtain an original passport or other ID with good notoriety | Qualified probability (UDI and UNE) |
| § 1-2 no. 1 | The home country lacks functioning central administration, or a passport is impossible to obtain | Ordinary preponderance of the evidence |
| § 1-2 no. 2 | You had to leave your home country without a passport, and security prevents contact with authorities there | Ordinary preponderance of the evidence |
| § 1-3 first paragraph | Born in Norway and registered in the Population Register | Shall be regarded as established, without passport |
| § 1-3 second paragraph | Under 18 years old upon entry, one parent has established identity | May be regarded as established, without passport |
| § 1-3 third paragraph | Under 14 years old at first permit and five years of residence, or 14–16 years old and ten years | Exception from the evidentiary requirement, § 1-2 must apply |

An **expired passport is accepted**: "The passport may have expired", writes UDI. With protection (asylum) a passport is not required, but you submit the identity documents you have.

Stateless persons have no separate identity rule: the Citizenship Act § 16 eases the residence and age requirements, not the identity requirement. See [stateless persons in Norway](https://samfunnprep.no/en/articles/statslos-apatride-norge).

## Does a travel document or foreign passport help?

No, not on the identity requirement: "a travel document or foreign passport is not in itself an identity document", writes UDI. See [travel documents and foreign passports](https://samfunnprep.no/en/articles/reisebevis-utlendingspass-norge).

**A single-journey foreign passport can be issued even if your identity has not been proven.** The purpose is to allow you to obtain a passport from your home country's embassy (the Immigration Regulations §§ 12-5 and 12-6). If you have limited permission under the Immigration Act § 38 requiring a national passport and must appear in person before your home country's authorities several times, the passport can be issued for **up to three journeys** (see UDI 2019-001).

## Here are the numbers for citizenship

In 2025, **34,840** people obtained Norwegian citizenship, and the overall approval rate was **95 per cent**.

| Former citizenship | Approvals in 2025 | Approval rate |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Syria | 7,599 | 96 % |
| Eritrea | 1,908 | 90 % |
| Somalia | 948 | 84 % |
| Afghanistan | 604 | 87 % |
| Iraq | 302 | 84 % |
| Stateless | 178 | 88 % |

UDI does not publish reasons for refusal, so the figures tell us nothing about how many cases stopped at the identity requirement.

UNE handled 530 citizenship cases in 2025 and reversed the decision in **11 per cent** of them. The average processing time was 70 days.

## Have you provided two identities? Here is what the rules say

UDI writes that residence permits granted under an incorrect identity "count when calculating the applicant's residence period", as long as they have not been revoked. Calculate the period using the [calculator for residence period](https://samfunnprep.no/en/verktoy/botid-oppholdstid) on SamfunnPrep.

Revocation is not automatic. The Citizenship Act § 26 second paragraph requires that the information was provided "knowingly", and revocation is excluded if it would be a disproportionate interference. Citizenship a person acquired before age 18, based on a parent's or grandparent's information, generally cannot be revoked unless, after an individual assessment, the person does not have strong ties to the realm.

The main rule is strict: UDI writes that "all permits granted under the old identity should generally be revoked". The exception applies to those who received a permit without restrictions despite ID doubt, and who are now trying to establish one identity: if they come from a country lacking functioning central administration, or if they cannot for security reasons contact their home country's authorities, earlier permits "should generally not be revoked". Upon notice of proposed revocation, you have the right to a free lawyer.

Between 15 January 2020 and 10 September 2025, UNE overturned 100 of 310 appeals concerning revocation, allowing those people to retain their citizenship. In 88 of the upheld cases, the people will receive new residence permits. If notified of expulsion, see [expulsion and entry bans](https://samfunnprep.no/en/articles/utvisning-innreiseforbud-norge).

## What do you do if your application is refused?

An appeal is free. The deadline is **three weeks** from when you or your lawyer received the decision letter.

Appeal within the deadline even if you lack documents; you can get up to two additional weeks to submit new evidence. New content is crucial: older documents, which in some countries have better notoriety than newer ones, previous passports from you or close relatives, or a DNA test linking you to someone with established identity.

You can apply again immediately; there is no waiting period after a refusal. The fee of **6,500 kroner** (as of 7 August 2026) is not refunded, but children under 18 years old are exempt. The identity clarification programme for Iraqis (645 participants, deadline 1 September 2020) has ended, and no equivalent scheme exists today.

## Free legal help: what you are entitled to

A standard refusal on citizenship does not entitle you to free legal assistance without a means test. However, in the most serious cases you have the right to a free lawyer:

- **Notice of proposed revocation of citizenship:** the Citizenship Act § 27 seventh paragraph provides free legal assistance without a means test from when UDI sends the notice.
- **Revocation of a permit, rejection or expulsion:** the same under the Immigration Act § 92 first paragraph, except in cases of expulsion due to criminal conviction or fundamental national interests.
- **Means-tested exception:** the Legal Aid Act § 11 fourth paragraph exceptionally provides free legal assistance in cases that "objectively concern the applicant to a particularly strong degree", if your payment capacity does not exceed five times the National Insurance basic amount, 682,745 kroner (the basic amount is 136,549 kroner as of 1 May 2026). Payment capacity is calculated separately and is not your gross income.

Free legal assistance in immigration law: Jussbuss, JURK (Legal advice for women) and NOAS for people with residence following an asylum application. NOAS has as of 7 August 2026 temporarily suspended intake for certain cases. SEIF (Self-Help for Immigrants and Refugees) provides practical guidance, not legal assistance; the website works only partially, but the homepage lists the offices.

In a press release on 21 June 2026, the government announced changes to the Citizenship Act, including a requirement for continuous residence. The identity requirement is not affected, and nothing has been decided: § 7 first paragraph letter a and the Regulations §§ 1-1 to 1-3 remain unchanged as of 7 August 2026.

The language and civics requirement applies regardless. Ready to practise? [Try SamfunnPrep for free](https://samfunnprep.no/register).

## FAQ

### Can I apply for Norwegian citizenship with an expired passport?

Yes. UDI writes that the passport may have expired, but there must be no doubt that the information in the passport is correct. If the identity requirement has already been met in an earlier case under the Immigration Act, the document does not need to be valid when you apply.

### I have a travel document for refugees. Does that mean my identity is established?

No. UDI is clear that a travel document or foreign passport is not in itself an identity document. The document is valid identification for banking and BankID, but does not determine the identity requirement in the citizenship case.

### What if my home country cannot issue a passport?

Then the Citizenship Regulations § 1-2 no. 1 can be used, if your home country lacks a functioning central administration or if it is otherwise impossible to obtain a passport with sufficient notoriety. The evidentiary standard is reduced to ordinary preponderance of the evidence, meaning more than 50 per cent probability.

### I have protection and cannot contact the embassy. Must I still obtain a passport?

No, if you are covered by the Citizenship Regulations § 1-2 no. 2. If you have protection (asylum), a passport is not required, but you must submit the identity documents you actually have.

### Do I get a free lawyer if my application is refused on identity?

Not for a standard refusal. But if you receive notice from UDI of revocation of your citizenship, you have the right to free legal assistance without a means test under the Citizenship Act § 27 seventh paragraph, and the same applies in cases concerning revocation of a permit and expulsion under the Immigration Act § 92 — except in cases of expulsion due to criminal conviction or fundamental national interests. Jussbuss, JURK and NOAS provide free legal assistance, and SEIF provides practical guidance.

### Does my residence time count if I had residence permits under a different identity?

Yes, as long as the permits have not been revoked. UDI writes that residence permits issued under an incorrect identity count when calculating the residence period.

## Sources

- [Lov om norsk statsborgerskap (statsborgerloven) – §§ 7, 16, 26, 27, 29](https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2005-06-10-51)
- [Statsborgerforskriften kapittel 1 – kravet til klarlagt identitet (§§ 1-1 til 1-3)](https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2006-06-30-756/KAPITTEL_1)
- [Klarlagt identitet i statsborgerskapssaker](https://www.udi.no/ord-og-begreper/klarlagt-identitet-i-statsborgerskapssaker/)
- [UDI 2012-021 Behandling av statsborgerskapssaker](https://www.udiregelverk.no/rettskilder/udi-retningslinjer/udi-2012-021/)
- [UDI 2012-009 Avklaring av identitet](https://www.udiregelverk.no/rettskilder/udi-retningslinjer/udi-2012-009/)
- [Innvilgede statsborgerskap etter opprinnelig statsborgerskap (2025)](https://www.udi.no/statistikk-og-analyse/statistikk/innvilgede-statsborgerskap-etter-opprinnelig-statsborgerskap-2025/)
- [Statistikk: statsborgerskap](https://www.une.no/statistikk/statsborgerskap/)
- [Tilbakekall av statsborgerskap – praksisbeskrivelse](https://www.une.no/kildesamling/andre-praksisbeskrivelser/tilbakekall-av-statsborgerskap/)
- [Identitetsvurderinger i utlendingssaker](https://www.une.no/kildesamling/andre-praksisbeskrivelser/identitetsvurderinger-i-utlendingssaker/)
- [Klage på et vedtak](https://www.udi.no/ord-og-begreper/klage-pa-et-vedtak/)
- [Identitetsavklaringsprogrammet for irakere](https://www.udi.no/viktige-meldinger/identitetsavklaringsprogrammet-for-irakere/)
- [Lov om fri rettshjelp (rettshjelploven) § 11](https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/1980-06-13-35)
- [Utlendingsloven kapittel 12 – § 83 møte- og opplysningsplikt, § 92 rettshjelp](https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2008-05-15-35/KAPITTEL_12)
- [Grunnbeløpet i folketrygden](https://www.nav.no/grunnbelopet)
- [Utlendingsrett – Jussbuss](https://foreninger.uio.no/jussbuss/saksomrader/utlendingsrett/)
- [Rettshjelp i saker om statsborgerskap](https://www.noas.no/statsborgerskap/)
- [Regjeringen vil skjerpe statsborgerloven](https://www.utrop.no/nyheter/385378/)
- [JURK – Juridisk rådgivning for kvinner](https://www.jurk.no/)
- [SEIF – Selvhjelp for Innvandrere og Flyktninger](https://www.seif.no/)

Citation: Hlib Suslov, "Established identity in citizenship cases: requirements and exceptions", SamfunnPrep, 2026-08-07T15:30:35.548+00:00, https://samfunnprep.no/en/articles/klarlagt-identitet-statsborgerskap